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Record W4414739161 · doi:10.1002/wcc.70023

The Little Ice Age: The History and Future of a Traveling Concept

2025· article· en· W4414739161 on OpenAlex
Dominik Collet, Sam White, Scott Bremer, Brita Brenna, Håkon Glørstad, Ingar Mørkestøl Gundersen, Heli Huhtamaa, Kirstin Krüger, Hans W. Linderholm, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Astrid E. J. Ogilvie, Helene Løvstrand Svarva, Bergsveinn Þórsson

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicTree-ring climate responses
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNorges ForskningsrådSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council of CanadaMarcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfondNational Science FoundationVetenskapsrådetSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
KeywordsClimate changeGlaciologyAdaptation (eye)Field (mathematics)Ice ageGlacial periodGlobal warmingClimate science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

ABSTRACT First coined in the 1930s, with reference to glaciation in North America, the concept of the “Little Ice Age” has undergone continuous revisions. It has traveled academically from glaciology to climatology, archeology, history, and, most recently, climate communication. Over time, it has grown into one of the most discussed topics in the field of climate history and attracts both considerable scholarly interest and public attention. The term “Little Ice Age” has been criticized for oversimplifying climatic change, focusing too much on temperature, and excluding possible effects on humans. Yet it remains a powerful “boundary object” in interdisciplinary cooperation, science communication, and the “environing” of history. In this sense, it serves similar functions as other concepts in the field of human–environment interactions, such as “global warming” or “climate resilience.” This article investigates the contested history and the potential uses of the “Little Ice Age” concept. It explores how the concept encourages interdisciplinary consilience, global perspectives, and public debate. In summary, these aspects are connected and contrasted to the use of similar concepts, such as “climate resilience” and “tipping points” in the sphere of climate–society interactions. This article is categorized under: Climate, History, Society, Culture > Major Historical Eras Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Learning from Cases and Analogies

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.958
Threshold uncertainty score0.480

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.048
GPT teacher head0.297
Teacher spread0.249 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it