Factor Structure of the Self- and Informant-Report Versions of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ), a widely used index of parenting, assesses authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive dimensions; however, there is little rigorous work to support this structure. In addition, research on the PSDQ has focused on maternal self-reports, leaving the structure of paternal self-reports and informant-reported caregiving poorly understood. We examined the structure of the PSDQ for mother and father self- and informant-report versions, using exploratory factor analyses, in 401 caregivers with 3-year-old children (Sample 1). A three-factor structure showed the best but not consistently acceptable fit; this was supported by confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) conducted in a sample of 510 caregivers (Sample 2). Removing redundant items improved the fit of the CFAs, such that it was acceptable based on certain indices (i.e., RMSEA and SRMR). These findings support the continued use of the three-factor structure; however, they also indicate that certain items are not useful toward assessing contemporary parenting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".