Decision-making and public health: How the prevalence of Contracaecum spp. larvae in market-size tilapia may influence fish sample-size to be inspected prior marketing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human consumption of raw or undercooked fish and fishery products may cause infection with foodborne parasitic nematodes, particularly of the family Anisakidae. Contracaecum species are cosmopolitan parasitic nematodes with numerous marine and freshwater fish species as intermediate or paratenic hosts, rarely reported as zoonotic agents. Tilapia, of great importance to human nutrition in many countries, can harbor larval stages of diverse Contracaecum species. Accurate examination of fish before marketing is crucial to ensure public health. We conducted a two-year survey of market-size tilapia farmed in Israel originating from 17 tilapia farms to assess the presence of Contracaecum larvae, including a retrospective calculation of infection prevalence and analysis of the accuracy of larval detection with various sample sizes. Between June 2020 and May 2022, Contracaecum larvae were found in 269/3605 (7.5 %) tilapia shipments. In 217 of these 269 (80.7 %) shipments, only a single larva was found. Among 380 Contracaecum larvae collected, only two were identified as C. quadripapillatum ; all others were identified as C. multipapillatum E. The probability of tilapia being parasitized with C. multipapillatum E larvae is much higher than with C. quadripapillatum . Moreover, in the vast majority of tilapia shipments infected with Contracaecum larvae, only a single specimen was infected. Considering this relatively low prevalence, in a sample size of 30 fish tested for the presence of nematode larvae, there is only a 40 % probability of finding an infected specimen. Decision-makers should consider, among other factors, the sample size of tilapia to be inspected before marketing to reduce the chances of parasitized fish reaching the end consumer. • 3605 shipments of tilapia were tested for Contracaecum spp. larvae over two years. • Contracaecum larvae were found in 269 of 3605 (7.5 %) tilapia shipments. • In 217 of 269 (80.7 %) positive shipments, only a single larva was found. • Of 380 larvae, 2 were identified as C. quadripapillatum & 378 as C. multipapillatum E. • Testing 30 fish yields a 40 % probability of detecting at least one infected specimen.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.040 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".