Early Mass Transfer of Monocyclic Aromatics to Water Following Diluted Bitumen Spills in Freshwater Limnocorrals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the initial days of a diluted bitumen (dilbit) spill, the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o, m, p -xylenes (BTEX) rapidly partition into air and water. Accurately characterizing the evaporation and dissolution trends of BTEX is essential for assessing potential environmental exposures. We investigated these processes following dilbit spills into limnocorrals in a boreal lake in Northwestern Ontario, with spill volumes ranging from 1.5 to 180 L, resulting in oil-to-water ratios from 1:71,000 to 1:500. BTEX concentrations in the water column peaked within 10–24 h and dropped below detection limits after 96 h. A mass transfer model, parametrized based on physical–chemical properties of the individual BTEX compounds and environmental conditions, accurately predicted BTEX fractionation and dissolution trends, with 29–86% of predictions within 3-fold of measured concentrations across all spill scenarios. This is the first report on the dissolution trends of BTEX following large-scale experimental dilbit spills in natural freshwater systems, which allowed for an important field evaluation of the model at a variety of different dilbit spill sizes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".