Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Sediments Containing Platinum and Palladium on Freshwater Benthic Organisms <scp> <i>Chironomus riparius</i> </scp> and <scp> <i>Hyalella azteca</i> </scp>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The expanding demand for platinum group elements (PGEs) in industrial and medical applications has led to their increasing accumulation in aquatic sediments. However, their ecological impacts remain poorly understood, particularly for sediment‐dwelling invertebrates. This study assessed the toxicity of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) across a concentration range of 29–1214 μg·g −1 dw in two freshwater benthic species, Chironomus riparius (C) and Hyalella azteca (H), under both acute and chronic exposures. Pt was more toxic (LC 50 in μg·g −1 dw; H: 289 ± 28; C: 84 ± 7) than Pd (H: 1192 ± 356; C: 209 ± 44) for acute survival, whereas Pd caused more pronounced sublethal effects on growth. Bioaccumulation patterns showed that H. azteca accumulated more Pt, whereas C. riparius retained more Pd. In C. riparius , chronic exposure to Pd impacted survival, emergence, and female adult weight, indicating developmental disruption. Compared with other sediment‐associated metals, Pd and Pt showed moderate to high toxicity: more toxic than uranium, nickel, arsenic, and molybdenum; comparable with copper; and less toxic than cadmium and lead. Although biological responses varied across metals, species, and endpoints, a consistent pattern of toxicity emerged. This study addresses a significant knowledge gap and reinforces the need to include PGEs in sediment quality guidelines. Although current environmental concentrations remain below toxicity thresholds, growing industrial use raises concerns for future ecological risk. Our findings support regulatory efforts by providing essential toxicity benchmarks and call for further research on mixture toxicity and mechanisms of action.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".