How does Coethnicity with Refugees Shape their Reception? Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Pakistan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
How does coethnicity shape host attitudes toward refugees? Existing research finds that cultural threat drives anti-refugee attitudes, so refugees who share an ethnic background with host populations should face less backlash. We examine this in Pakistan, where both refugee and host communities include substantial Pashtun populations. Drawing on survey experimental, observational, and qualitative data, we find that while a conjoint experiment shows a comparative preference for coethnics, this result masks both low absolute support and sharp internal variation. Coethnic hosts in regions where they are ethnic minorities express more inclusive attitudes than those living in their ethnic homeland. We argue that the impact of coethnicity can depend on local demography: where coethnic hosts are a marginalized minority, coethnicity with refugees can carry both instrumental and symbolic value. These findings complicate standard assumptions about the primacy of cultural threat and highlight the need to understand subnational variation in refugee-host dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".