Hybrid CNN-BLSTM architecture for classification and detection of arrhythmia in ECG signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a robust and efficient hybrid deep learning framework that integrates Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) networks for the automated detection and classification of cardiac arrhythmias from electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The proposed architecture leverages the complementary strengths of both components: the CNN layers autonomously learn and extract salient morphological features from raw ECG waveforms, while the BLSTM layers effectively model the sequential and temporal dependencies inherent in ECG signals, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy. To further enhance training stability and non-linear representation capability, the Mish activation function is incorporated throughout the network. The model was trained and evaluated using a combination of the widely recognized MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database and de-identified clinical ECG recordings sourced from collaborating healthcare institutions, ensuring both diversity and clinical relevance of the dataset. Notably, the framework operates with minimal preprocessing, underscoring its practical viability for real-time implementation. Experimental results demonstrate the model's exceptional performance, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 99.52%, sensitivity of 99.48%, and specificity of 99.85%. These outcomes highlight the model's robustness, generalizability, and strong potential for integration into clinical decision support systems, particularly in high-throughput or resource-constrained healthcare environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".