Ambient-air fabrication of bar-coated ionic liquid-assisted perovskite films with micrometer-scale grain sizes for stable solar cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in ambient air may lower production costs and enhance the feasibility of commercialization of this cutting-edge technology. However, ambient-air fabrication of perovskite films often results in rough surfaces, pinholes, and non-uniform coverage, which increase non-radiative recombination in PSCs. In this work, we fabricated uniform pinhole-free perovskite films with large crystal domains of several tens of micrometers under ambient conditions (40 % relative humidity) by bar coating using 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as an ionic liquid (IL). The IL molecules in the perovskite solution protected the perovskite from interacting with moisture, facilitating the fabrication of high-quality perovskite films under ambient conditions. PSCs with bar-coated IL-assisted perovskite films exhibited over 90 % of their initial solar output after storage for 1000 h in the dark under ambient conditions (relative humidity of 40 %–50 %), illustrating their higher long-term moisture stability than that of devices with conventional spin-coated perovskite films. This high moisture stability is attributed to the dense perovskite grains with sizes of one to several tens of micrometers obtained by bar coating rather than spin coating.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".