Dynamic impact response of additively manufactured monolithic and hybrid armour materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although M350 maraging steel is widely used for defence, automotive, medical and aerospace applications due to its exceptional strength and toughness, it is susceptible to cracking in high strain rate conditions. To address this limitation, a novel hybrid plate was fabricated using laser-based directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing by combining layers of M350 maraging steel and Al 0.5 CoCrFeNi 1.5 high-entropy alloy (HEA). Then, its dynamic impact response was compared with those of the constituting monolithic alloys. Samples of the monolithic and hybrid materials were heat-treated. M350 maraging steel and the hybrid specimens were austenitized at 850 °C for 0.5 h, water-quenched, and artificially aged at 535 °C for 0.5 h, while the monolithic Al 0.5 CoCrFeNi 1.5 HEA was normalized at 700 °C for 1.5 h and air cooled to room temperature. Both heat-treated and as-built materials were subjected to dynamic impact tests at impact momenta that varied from 24.3 to 47.6 kg.ms⁻¹ using an instrumented split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The heat-treated hybrid specimens demonstrated impressive energy absorption capability, outperforming their monolithic M350 maraging steel counterparts by 46.6 % and 59.4 % at impact momenta of 32.8 kg.ms −1 and 38.8 kg.ms −1 respectively. These heat-treated hybrid specimens survived testing up to 43.8 kg.ms −1 , while their monolithic M350 maraging steel counterparts began to fracture at 38.8 kg.ms −1 . Microstructural analyses revealed that transformed adiabatic shear bands formed more readily in monolithic M350 maraging steel than in the hybrid specimens leading to early catastrophic failure. These findings demonstrate a new strategy for mitigating the cracking propensity of maraging steel in defense applications through additive manufacturing of hybrid maraging steel-HEA structures. • Heat-treated hybrid specimens absorbed 168 %, 47 % and 59 % more energy than M350 MS at 24, 32 and 39 kg.ms -1 , respectively. • Heat-treated hybrid specimens withstood impact up to 43.8 kg·ms⁻¹; M350 MS fractured earlier at 32.8 kg·ms⁻¹. • The HEA layer delayed ASBs and improved ductility, while the M350 MS layer contributed strength and hardness. • Hybrid specimens exhibited ductile fracture in the HEA layer and brittle cleavage in M350 MS. . • First comparative dynamic impact study of DED-fabricated maraging steel-HEA hybrid specimens vs monolithic maraging steel.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".