Disorders of Arousal in Children and Associated Emotional–Behavioural Problems: Results From a Non‐Clinical Longitudinal Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the associations between the frequency of episodes of disorders of arousal (sleepwalking and sleep terrors) and emotional-behavioural problems in a longitudinal cohort of healthy children aged 4 and 5 years. Mother-child dyads (N = 345) were recruited during pregnancy for a longitudinal cohort study. Mothers completed validated questionnaires when children were 4 and 5 years old. Linear regressions assessed (1) the concurrent association between the frequency of disorders of arousal episodes (i.e., sleepwalking and sleep terrors) and emotional-behavioural problems in children at 4 and 5; and (2) the association between the frequency of disorders of arousal episodes at 4 and emotional-behavioural problems at 5. Models included the following covariates: child's sex, child's nighttime sleep duration, socioeconomic status and maternal depressive symptoms. More frequent episodes of disorders of arousal at age 4 were significantly associated with more concurrent internalising (B = 2.659, p = 0.001), and externalising problems (B = 2.740, p = 0.006). At age 5, the frequency of episodes was not associated with concurrent internalising and externalising problems (p > 0.05). More frequent episodes at age 4 were associated with more externalising problems at 5 (B = 2.462, p = 0.039). Although sleep terrors and sleepwalking are often benign, our results show that even in a non-clinical cohort, these sleep phenomena can be associated with emotional-behavioural problems in children as young as 4. While the mere presence of sleep terrors or sleepwalking is not alarming, screening for emotional-behavioural problems seems appropriate for children with frequent episodes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".