Quantifying particle size effects on CO2 evolution at solid–liquid interfaces of calcium carbonate in acidic media
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental interfacial processes, from acid rain to acidic wastewaters, drive dissolution of carbonate-rich solids and CO 2 release. In this study, we investigate particle size effects on CO 2 emission kinetics in reaction between eggshell, a model porous bioceramic, with acetic acid (CH 3 COOH). Five particle size fractions of eggshells, including dimensions above and below the natural shell thickness, were tested. Time-resolved CH 3 COOH concentration measurements revealed that there are two regimes in dependence of CO 2 emission rates on the particle sizes. Simply breaking the shells does not lead to a clear enhancement in the reaction rate. However, finer particles, particularly those approaching or smaller than the shell thickness, exhibited markedly higher initial rates due to exposure of internal pore networks upon fracture. For all particle sizes, the reaction rates decrease with acid depletion and reduced reactive surface availability with time. No noticeable difference was observed by the presence of CO 2 bubbles on the reaction kinetics. These results highlight the role of particle size, morphology, and internal porosity in governing acid–carbonate interfacial reaction kinetics, with implications for porous carbonate dissolution in natural and engineered systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".