The BRIDGE-DS Study: Improved Glycemic Control and Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using the Fixed-Dose Combination of Dapagliflozin and Sitagliptin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by persistent or intermittent albuminuria and a declining glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD affects 20-40% of patients with diabetes globally, with significant impacts on health outcomes and healthcare costs. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with poor glycemic control are at higher risk of developing CKD, leading to severe complications, including end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Methods: A retrospective, multicenter, observational study was conducted using a case-based questionnaire survey to collect data anonymously from diabetologists and endocrinologists across India. The study included T2DM patients with CKD who received a fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin (D/S). Data were collected digitally and analyzed using SPSS® Version 23.0 software. Results: Data from 510 patients were collected, comprising 67.6% males and 32.4% females. The median age of the patient cohort was 56 years. After 3 months of FDC D/S treatment, significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from 9.00% to 7.50%, along with reductions in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and post-prandial glucose (PPG) levels, were noted. Serum creatinine levels decreased by 0.37 mg/dL, while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values improved from 83.83 to 84.00 mL/min/1.73 m2, indicating a potential improvement in renal function. Adverse events (AEs) included urinary tract infections (UTIs), dehydration, hypoglycemia, and genital mycotic infections. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that FDC D/S therapy is effective and safe for the management of T2DM and CKD, showing significant improvements in glycemic control and renal function. The combination therapy resulted in notable reductions in HbA1c, FPG, and PPG, along with improved eGFR values, underscoring its renoprotective effects. Despite some AEs, the findings support the use of D/S in combination therapy for patients with T2DM and CKD. However, further research is required to explore the long-term effects and optimal dosing strategies of this drug combination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".