Link Between Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 and Beta-Cell Dysfunction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The increased rates of new-onset hyperglycemia during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness gave reason to assume that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection could damage the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells and also interfere with glucose metabolism. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the related inflammation in pathogenesis of pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and different types of newly emerging disorders of carbohydrate metabolism following infection. Methods: In the current study, 100 patients (34 males and 66 women) were included (mean age 53.07 ± 3.27 years). They were divided into three groups: group 1 (unselected patients with active COVID-19 infection; n = 32), group 2 (individuals with newly diagnosed carbohydrate disorders after proven COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 group; n = 35) and group 3 (COVID-19-negative persons with metabolic syndrome; n = 33). Standard biochemical and hormonal and immunological parameters were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) methods, as wells as some indices for assessment of insulin secretion, and sensitivity was calculated using the corresponding formula. Results: Patients with active coronavirus infection had significantly higher levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) compared to the other two groups (P < 0.001) and also demonstrated higher levels of interferon-gamma (INF)-γ (P < 0.001) and human complement factor D (HCFD) (P < 0.001), compared to the post-COVID-19 group, whereas the latter had significantly higher levels of 8-epi-prostaglandyn F2 alpha (8-epi-PGF2α, P < 0.001). Both groups (active and post-COVID-19) demonstrated similar levels of cluster of differentiation (CD)4, CD8, interleukin (IL)-7, IL-17A and IL-10 (P > 0.05). Among the individuals in the post-COVID-19 group, a positive correlation was found between fasting glucose (r = 0.369; P < 0.05) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (r = 0.510; P < 0.05). Conclusions: The changes in immune homeostasis (during and after recovery from COVID-19) including imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, along with the cellular immune response and the complement system, are grounds to assume that in some of the cases of newly emerging disorders in glucose homeostasis after COVID-19, immunological disorders are present, as well as an imbalance between pro- and antioxidants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".