Phytogenic TiO <sub>2</sub> –biochar nanocomposite derived from <i>Prunus dulcis</i> for enhanced Rhodamine B removal from aqueous systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB), a cationic dye, from synthetic wastewater using a multi-walled carbon nanotube/titanium dioxide (MWCNT/TiO2)-modified biochar composite (CBTM), with pristine biochar (CCB) as a reference. The effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and initial dye concentration on adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Maximum RhB removal occurred at pH 3, with equilibrium achieved after 180 min. Under these conditions, CBTM exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (31.43 mg·g−1) than CCB (17.31 mg·g−1) at 313 K. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces, while kinetic analysis showed that the pseudo-first-order model provided the most accurate fit, suggesting a physisorption-dominated process. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) confirmed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. Interestingly, while CBTM demonstrated superior dye removal, antimicrobial assays revealed stronger bacterial inhibition by CCB. These results highlight the potential of CBTM for efficient dye removal and underscore the multifunctional capabilities of biochar-based adsorbents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".