Pore-Scale Assessment of Gas Expansion Induced by Formation Uplift in Tight Sandstones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Gas expansion induced by formation uplift plays a crucial role in gas accumulation and secondary reservoir charging. However, in tight sandstones, macroscopic experiments fail to accurately characterize gas saturation changes due to the presence of small pore-throat networks and strong heterogeneity. To address this, we conducted a series of pore-scale analyses, including mercury intrusion, gas adsorption, and NMR, complemented by laser spectrometry and fluid inclusion measurements. Results showed that, as a typical tight sandstone, 87.53% of rigid minerals ensured effective elastic expansion of the reservoir, providing mineral foundation for natural gas expansion. Morphological methods enhanced the full-scale pore-throat radius distribution for various experimental techniques, and the full-scale pore-throat radius distribution based on the T2 spectrum was established by a combined interpolation fitting method. Under the condition of a pressure difference of 8 MPa, the core experiment measured a natural gas expansion averaged rate of 10.98%, confirming from an experimental perspective the formation of natural gas reservoirs caused by formation uplifting. As the pressure difference increased, the contribution of microscopic geological factors to natural gas expansion became more significant. Large pores, homogeneous pore-throats, and abundant clay minerals are effective promoters of natural gas expansion, and the reservoir formation effect of natural gas expansion in the eastern part of the study area is more pronounced. This study provides experimental evidence for the formation of tight gas reservoirs through expansion, and the related results help improve the recovery rate of tight gas and other field work.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".