Hypertrophic bone proliferation at enthesis induced by unilateral injection of botulinum toxin in masticatory muscles in adult rats is characterized by chondrocyte proliferation without inflammatory process at enthesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A single injection of botulinum toxin injected in masticatory muscles induces alveolar bone loss associated with muscle enthesis hypertrophic bone proliferation. The tissular and cellular mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are unknown. Because new bone formation due to inflammation at enthesis is observed in articular disorder like spondyloarthritis, we hypothesize that an inflammatory process could explain the development of hypertrophic bone proliferation in the BTX model. The aims of the study were to test this hypothesis and to determine whether IL-17A was involved. Mature Sprague-Dawley male rats (n=36) were randomized into 4 groups. Three groups received BTX injections in right masseter and temporalis muscle. One BTX group was treated with an anti-IL17A antibody for 31 days (BTX31+antiIL17A). The two other groups were respectively sacrificed at 21 (BTX21) and 31 (BTX31) days post BTX injection. The remaining non-BTX group received anti-IL17A treatment for 31 days (control+anti-IL-17A). Alveolar bone loss and hypertrophic bone proliferation at enthesis were studied using microcomputed tomography. The presence of inflammatory process and the implication of IL17A was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry on decalcified right side hemimandibles. Quantitative measurement of the hypertrophic bone (bone volume and thickness) showed no significant differences between the 3 BTX groups. Histology revealed the presence of chondrocytes in large hypertrophic area but no inflammatory infiltrated cells. Immunochemistry confirmed the absence of inflammatory process but positive reaction for Ki67 which is in favor of actively growing and proliferative chondrocytes. BTX-related muscle atrophy of masticatory muscle induced chondrocyte proliferation at enthesis without inflammation process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".