Seed vernalization and gibberellic acid interact to affect life cycle type in facultative winter annual Canadian horseweed ( <i>Erigeron canadensis</i> )
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background and Aims Plants display enormous variation in the phenological traits that make up their life cycle both within and between populations. Facultative winter annual species are particularly interesting because they can adopt either a fall-emerging/spring-flowering or spring-emerging/summer-flowering life cycle at the population level via evolution or at the individual level via within-generation and transgenerational plasticity. Responses of phenological traits to the environment have often been found to be mediated by changes in hormone levels, especially the growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA). Methods We conducted growth chamber and greenhouse experiments using the facultative winter annual agricultural weed Erigeron canadensis (horseweed) to investigate the interactive effects of genetic variation; parent plant life cycle; and plastic responses to temperature, light, and GA treatments. Key Results We found that contrary to a prior report, exposing imbibed seeds to 3-4 weeks of cold (i.e., seed vernalization) does not always result in summer annual type growth, with considerable variation found among field-collected seeds from 10 populations. Further, we found that seed vernalization and exogenous application of GA both tended to increase summer annual characteristics, interacting in ways that were largely consistent with the hypothesis that GA is a mechanism for cold-induced life cycle differentiation. Light treatment did not significantly affect life cycle traits, while parent life cycle type had marginal effects on offspring life cycle type. Finally, genetic variation among and within sites explained far less of the variation in life cycle traits than the plastic responses to seed vernalization and GA treatments. Conclusions Our study proposes that the seasonality of this harmful agricultural weed is influenced by a GA-mediated response to vernalization of seeds during winter, yet highlights the need for further study, given the variability in this response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".