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Record W4414903728 · doi:10.1101/2025.10.04.25337039

Factors influencing access to diabetic eye care among people living with diabetes attending a tertiary hospital in Dar es salaam, Tanzania: a qualitative study

2025· preprint· en· W4414903728 on OpenAlexaff
HENRY NGOGO, Deodatus Kakoko, Thadeus Ruwaichi

Bibliographic record

VenuemedRxiv · 2025
Typepreprint
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicRetinal Imaging and Analysis
Canadian institutionsCentre for Community Based Research
Fundersnot available
KeywordsDiabetes mellitusEye careReferralBlindnessQualitative researchAffect (linguistics)Visual impairmentHealth care

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Background The increase in prevalence of Diabetes has led to a rise in the burden of blindness due to diabetic retinopathy. Timely access to diabetic eye care may prevent blindness due to diabetic complications, reducing the burden of blindness in countries with limited resources like Tanzania. This study aimed to explore the factors influencing access to diabetic eye care among people living with diabetes attending a tertiary hospital. Methods A total of 14 interviews were conducted with people living with diabetes attending a tertiary hospital from March 2023 to May 2023. Participants were purposively selected during their visits to the eye clinic. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed by qualitative content analysis. Results Factors influencing access to diabetic eye care among people living with diabetes were reported, including the cost of eye care services, not knowing that diabetes can affect eyes, fear, and having other priorities emerged as barriers to accessing care while referral from primary healthcare workers, eye symptoms, knowing that diabetes can affect eyes, living close to the facility offering eye care services, influence from close relatives, and having health insurance were reported as facilitators to attending diabetic eye care services. Conclusion Educating individuals with diabetes about the importance of diabetic eye care, while addressing the barriers to accessing it, will help them receive timely diabetic eye care and prevent blindness caused by diabetic retinopathy.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.057
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.331
Teacher spread0.315 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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