Seismic response and soil-structure interaction of reinforced concrete large span three-sided culverts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the seismic response and soil-structure interaction of reinforced concrete large span three-sided culverts (RC TSCs) subjected to combined horizontal and vertical earthquake excitations. Three distinct TSC configurations are analyzed using validated finite element models, considering various seismic inputs, soil conditions, and overburden depths. The culverts are evaluated under shallow and deep burial scenarios, with typical backfill soils, outlined in the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC), compacted to 80 % and 90 % of standard Proctor density (SP80 and SP90). The seismic performance is assessed in terms of vertical and horizontal arching factors (VAF and HAF), earth pressure distributions, bending moments, footing stress ratios, and sliding and rotational behavior. The results indicate that seismic arching factors significantly exceed static design limits, with short-span culverts exhibiting the highest VAFs and tall-pedestal culverts showing elevated HAFs. Lateral seismic pressures become highly nonlinear and asymmetric under dynamic loading, amplified further by denser backfill and deeper burial. Vertical seismic pressures peak at the slab edges in short-span culverts due to their rigidity, deviating from CHBDC's uniform pressure assumption. Additionally, deeper burial and denser soils generally increase bending moments and footing stresses, while high-energy input motions induce the largest sliding and rotational displacements. These findings highlight the complex interaction among structural geometry, soil conditions, and dynamic loading in governing the seismic behavior of buried RC TSCs, providing valuable insights for improved seismic design and assessment methodologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".