Clustering and time series analyses of hybrid immunity to SARS-COV-2 using data from the BQC19 biobank
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic revealed that immunity after infection was temporary, with reinfections occurring. As the pandemic progressed, individuals encountered infection and vaccination in varying sequences and at different time intervals, resulting in heterogeneous patterns of infection, reinfection and vaccination, so-called hybrid immunity. This study analyzed these patterns by grouping individuals based on their infection, reinfection, and vaccination sequences using data from the Biobanque québécoise de la COVID-19 (BQC19). We applied agglomerative and divisive hierarchical clustering on time series representing patients' COVID-19 episodes, using Dynamic Time Warping to compute distances. Their characterization revealed that clusters followed a temporal progression depending on the timing of infection and its positioning across the pandemic waves. On the other hand, reinfections occurred from the fifth wave onward. The most highly vaccinated groups appear to have been infected and consequently reinfected later in the pandemic. Some groups featured a higher proportion of healthcare workers, while for others, the trajectory and their timeframes were decisive. This study highlights the role of vaccination, which is in line with current knowledge. It also shows that, beyond the sequence of events, it is rather their temporality and the delays between them that are of greatest importance. In terms of hybrid immunity, the results of this study suggest that an infection between two vaccines could offer greater immunity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".