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Record W4414915791 · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00324-4

Everyday norms have become more permissive over time and vary across cultures

2025· article· en· W4414915791 on OpenAlex
Kimmo Eriksson, Pontus Strimling, Irina Vartanova, Brent Simpson, Minna Persson, Khalid Ahmed Abdi, Niv Ad, Alisher Aldashev, Habib Mohammad Ali, Maurizio Alì, Khatai Aliyev, Yasser Alrefaee, Alberth Estuardo Alvarado Ortiz, Per Andersson, Giulia Andrighetto, Gizem Arıkan, John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta, Lutete Christian Ayikwa, Jonatan Baños-Chaparro, Davide Barrera, Justina Baršytė, Birzhan Batkeyev, Azma Batool, Elizaveta Berezina, Stéphanie Ngandu Bimina, Marie Björnstjerna, Sheyla Blumen, Paweł Boski, Eva Boštjančič, Yap Boum, Marie Briguglio, Huyen Thi Thu Bui, Tomás Caycho‐Rodríguez, Yanyan Chen, Manase Kudzai Chiweshe, Hoon‐Seok Choi, Carlos C. Contreras‐Ibáñez, Dinka Čorkalo Biruški, Christian Enrique Cruz Torres, Andrea Czakó, Piyanjali de Zoysa, Zsolt Demetrovics, Bojana M. Dinić, Saša Drače, Rita W. El‐Haddad, Jan B. Engelmann, Ignacio Escudero Pérez, Hyun Euh, Xia Fang, Celine Frank, Esteban Freidín, Márta Fülöp, Vladimer Lado Gamsakhurdia, M. Jimenez, Ragna B. Garðarsdóttir, Alin Gavreliuc, Colin Mathew Hugues D. Gill, Biljana Gjoneska, Andreas Glöckner, Sylvie Graf, Ani Grigoryan, Katarzyna Growiec, Brian W. Haas, Geoffrey Haddock, Stavros P. Hadjisolomou, Nina Hadžiahmetović, Mohammad Ali, Eemeli Hakoköngäs, Peter Haľama, Given Hapunda, Andree Hartanto, Mahsa Hazrati, Boris Christian Herbas Torrico, Szilárd Holka, Martina Hřebı́čková, John A. Hunter, Moudachirou Ibikounlé, Dzintra Iliško, Harpa Lind Jónsdóttir, Zivile Kaminskiene, Hansika Kapoor, Iva Kapović, Gassemi Karim, Kerry Kawakami, Narine Khachatryan, Julian B. Kirschner, Jonah Kiruja, Toko Kiyonari, Michal Kohút, Shazia Kousar, Besni̇k A. Krasniqi, Ludovic Lado, Miguel Landa–Blanco, Barbara Landon, Žan Lep, Lisa M. Leslie, Yang Li, Kadi Liik, Ming‐Jen Lin, Marlon Elías Lobos-Rivera, Wilson López‐López, Edona Maloku, Mohona Mandal, Bernardo Manhique, Nathan Mpeti Mbende, Imed Medhioub, Maria Luísa Mendes Teixeira, Juanita Tamayo, Linda Mohammed, Schontal Moore, Bahar Moraligil, Nijat Muradzada, Herwin Nanda, Ekaterina Nastina, Pegah Nejat, Daniel Nettle, Orlando Júlio André Nipassa, Martín Noé-Grijalva, Pie Ntampaka, Rodrigue Ntonè, Ravit Nussinson, Milan Oljača, Nneoma G. Onyedire, Ike E. Onyishi, Penny Panagiotopoulou, Daybel Pañellas Alvarez, Md. Shahin Parvez, Gian Luca Pasin, Ivana Pedović, Pablo Pérez de León, Lorena R. Pérez-Floriano, Nada Pop‐Jordanova, José Portillo, Angela POTÂNG, Adolfo Quesada‐Román, Jana L. Raver, Ricardo Borges Rodrigues, Juan Diego Rodríguez-Romero, Sara Romanò, Robert M. Ross, Nachita Rosun, Selka Sadiković, Álvaro San Martín, Snežana Smederevac, Sarah Smith, Natalia Soboleva, Daniel Erena Sonessa, Samantha K. Stanley, Kristina Stoyanova, Drozdstoy Stoyanov, Kosuke Takemura, John Thøgersen, Habib Tiliouine, Hans H. Tung, Tungalag Ulambayar, Elze Uzdavinyte, Randall Waechter, Yi-Ting Wang, Junhui Wu, Brice Martial Yambio, Eric Yankson, Kuang‐Hui Yeh, Paul A. M. Van Lange

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueCommunications Psychology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicCultural Differences and Values
Canadian institutionsQueen's UniversityYork University
FundersJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceSlovenská Akadémia ViedFederal Emergency Management AgencyMälardalens högskolaShota Rustaveli National Science FoundationNemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs HivatalUniversity of ColomboSunway UniversityLinköpings UniversitetScience Fund of the Republic of SerbiaYouth Innovation Promotion AssociationYouth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of SciencesJohn Templeton FoundationVetenskapsrådetAoyama Gakuin UniversityNarodowe Centrum NaukiSingapore Management UniversityYork UniversityKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseUniversity of OtagoSveučilište u ZagrebuGrantová Agentura České RepublikyHungarian Scientific Research FundFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaNational Science Foundation
KeywordsPermissiveMoralityIndividualismSet (abstract data type)PermissivenessAffect (linguistics)Everyday lifeGeneral Social Survey

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Every social situation that people encounter in their daily lives comes with a set of unwritten rules about what behavior is considered appropriate or inappropriate. These everyday norms can vary across societies: some societies may have more permissive norms in general or for certain behaviors, or for certain behaviors in specific situations. In a preregistered survey of 25,422 participants across 90 societies, we map societal differences in 150 everyday norms and show that they can be explained by how societies prioritize individualizing moral foundations such as care and liberty versus binding moral foundations such as purity. Specifically, societies with more individualistic morality tend to have more permissive norms in general (greater liberty) and especially for behaviors deemed vulgar (less purity), but they exhibit less permissive norms for behaviors perceived to have negative consequences in specific situations (greater care). By comparing our data with available data collected twenty years ago, we find a global pattern of change toward more permissive norms overall but less permissive norms for the most vulgar and inconsiderate behaviors. This study explains how social norms vary across behaviors, situations, societies, and time.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.633
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.097
GPT teacher head0.502
Teacher spread0.405 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it