Evaluation of parasitic contamination and effects on estimates of mitochondrial enzymatic activities in infected fish livers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parasites can impair host performance including alterations to host metabolism. Since mitochondria are responsible for cellular energy production, it is likely that disruptions in cellular metabolism contribute to changes at the whole-organism level. However, studies investigating parasite-induced alteration do not take the presence of parasites in the target tissues into account. It is critical to assess the potential interference of parasite contamination in biochemical assays of host tissues to have confidence in the results measured from infected animals. Our objectives were to (1) develop and validate a protocol for extracting parasites from hepatic tissues of pumpkinseed sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus Linnaeus, 1758) infected with cestodes ( Proteocephalus ambloplitis Leidy, 1887) and (2) to evaluate the extent to which parasite contamination impacts estimates of enzyme activities. We tested five treatments: uninfected lake, infected livers that were cleaned, infected livers with parasites (repopulated), uninfected livers from an infected lake and parasites alone. We compared the activity of metabolic enzymes among groups and assessed contamination through PCR tests. Enzyme activities of cleaned livers and repopulated livers were similar despite PCR tests revealing contamination in cleaned livers suggesting that studying the organs of heavily parasitized individuals is possible. Nevertheless, we recommend that our cleaning protocol is applied to infected organs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".