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Record W4414969469 · doi:10.4153/s0008439525100714

Harmonic exponential terms are polynomial

2025· article· en· W4414969469 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Tyler Borgard, Chris Miller

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Mathematical Bulletin · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicPolynomial and algebraic computation
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPolynomialMatrix polynomialReciprocal polynomialMonic polynomialAlternating polynomialInteger (computer science)Stable polynomialDegree of a polynomialExponential function

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Let n be a positive integer and f belong to the smallest ring of functions upper R Superscript n Baseline right arrow double struck upper R $\mathbb R^n\to \mathbb R$ <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mstyle mathvariant="double-struck"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> that contains all real polynomial functions of n variables and is closed under exponentiation. Then there exists d element of double struck upper N $d\in \mathbb N$ <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> such that for all m element of StartSet 0 comma midline horizontal ellipsis comma n EndSet $m\in \{0,\dots , n\}$ <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo form="prefix" fence="true">{</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo form="postfix" fence="true">}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and c element of upper R Superscript m $c\in \mathbb R^{m}$ <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mstyle mathvariant="double-struck"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mstyle> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , if x right arrow from bar f left parenthesis c comma x right parenthesis colon upper R Superscript n minus m Baseline right arrow double struck upper R $x\mapsto f(c,x)\colon \mathbb R^{n-m}\to \mathbb R$ <mml:math xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" display="inline"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>↦</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false" form="prefix" fence="true">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false" form="postfix" fence="true">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mstyle mathvariant="double-struck"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mstyle> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> is harmonic, then it is polynomial of degree at most d . In particular, f is polynomial if it is harmonic.

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.828
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.005

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.214
Teacher spread0.205 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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