Carotid wall structure during and after 6 months of spaceflight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Long-duration spaceflight has been shown to result in vascular adaptation. However, little is known about the recovery of these parameters after the flight. The purpose of our study was to assess the common carotid (CC) artery wall properties before, during, and after 6 months of spaceflight on the International Space Station (ISS). Methods: CC artery wall properties were assessed using ultrasound measures of the intima media thickness (IMT) and the evaluation of the radiofrequency signal to determine the index of reflectivity (IR) for the posterior wall, posterior intima, and neck muscle. Data were collected from ten astronauts preflight (PRE), on flight day 150 (FD150), and 4 days (R+4) and 6 months (R+6 m) postflight. Results: IMT increased from PRE (0.56 ± 0.09 mm) to FD150 (0.65 ± 0.11 mm) and R+4 (0.65 ± 0.08 mm), and returned to PRE levels on R+6 m (0.57 ± 0.12 mm). Posterior wall IR also increased from PRE (63% ± 5.5%) to FD150 (78% ± 7.8%) and R+4 (86% ± 4.4%), and returned to PRE levels on R+6 m (60% ± 23%). In contrast, both intima IR and neck muscle IR increased slightly during spaceflight but returned to preflight levels on R+4. Conclusion: Changes in CC posterior wall IMT and IR that persisted at R+4 but normalized at R+6 m suggest structural or content modifications of the vessel wall. In contrast, the early recovery of neck muscle and posterior wall intima IR at R+4 suggests a transient process that is possibly related to microgravity-induced fluid shifts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".