Hydraulic Oil Infiltration into Potable Water through Aircraft Pneumatic Systems: A Qualitative Assessment of Chemical Contamination
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Potable water on aircraft is currently monitored for microbiological contaminants of water quality such as E. coli, but because the source water for aircraft is pre-treated water from municipalities, chemical contaminants are not assessed. This neglects the possibility of aircraft pneumatic systems, interconnected with other systems such as the engines and hydraulic oil reservoirs, from becoming fouled and contaminating the potable water onboard with organophosphate esters and other contaminants of concern. In this novel initial qualitative study potable water samples were taken on twenty domestic and international flights on various commercial aircraft. The samples were analyzed with high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and compared against 18 Mohm ultrapure water and tap water blanks drawn from departing airports. Suspect compounds were identified using safety data sheets for commonly used aircraft oils and compounds previously identified in aircraft cabin contamination research. Tributyl phosphate, the primary component in aircraft hydraulic oil, was confirmed to be present in the potable water of the majority of flights sampled (11 of 20 flights). Other organophosphates were also identified in the water on a high percentage of flights (tris (chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP): 20%; triphenyl phosphate (TPhP): 10%; tris (butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP): 10%). The qualification of the compounds is supported by mass accuracy, fragment, isotope abundance, and adduct data. This work suggests that as there is currently a potentially unaddressed occupational and public health risk. Detailed quantitative chemical monitoring of aircraft potable water is therefore recommended to fully establish the magnitude of this risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".