Health-related quality of life and its associated factors among high school students with myopia in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of Chinese high school students with myopia and to investigate its potential associate factors. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven high schools across three representative regions in China. Students were invited to participate in an eye examination and complete an online survey. The HRQoL was measured by using the Child Health Utility Nine-Dimension (CHU-9D) and 25-items National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25). Sociodemographic characteristics and vision-related characteristics were also collected. Descriptive statistics were performed on respondents' characteristics and one-way analysis of variance was used to compare HRQoL among subgroups. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to identify contributing factors to HRQoL. RESULTS: A total of 2,198 students with myopia (53.1% male, age was 16.7 ± 0.8 years) were included in this study. The utility value of CHU-9D was 0.851 ± 0.160 (mean ± SD), the score of NEI-VFQ-25 was 91.112 ± 9.619. Higher NEI-VFQ-25 scores correspond with higher CHU-9D utility values. Regression analyses showed that the CHU-9D utility values were higher in younger students, males, those who adopted normal sitting position, those who spent more than 10 h outdoor-activities per week, and those who wore frame glasses. The NEI-VFQ-25 scores were higher in older students, females, those who adopted normal sitting position, and those who did not wear glasses. CONCLUSIONS: Myopia has a non-negligible impact on the HRQoL among Chinese high school students. Age, sex, sitting posture, time of outdoor-activities, and glasses type were deemed as the associated factors of HRQoL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".