On the horseshoe vortex characteristics of bed-mounted inclined cylinders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This experimental study investigates the influence of inclination of bed-mounted cylinders on the horseshoe vortex (HSV) generated around them. To this end, the flow past vertical (VC), backward-inclined (BIC), forward-inclined (FIC), and side-inclined (SIC) cylinders were studied using the same fully developed approach flow. Velocity fields upstream of the cylinder-bed junction were measured using particle image velocimetry at a Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter of 26 000. Mean flow analysis revealed well-defined HSV structures in the VC, BIC, and SIC configurations, whereas no distinct HSV was observed for the FIC case. Instantaneous flow field analysis showed that the weakest downflow along the cylinder surface occurred in BIC due to the formation of a vortex above the primary HSV, which trapped and suppressed the downward flow. In contrast, the FIC configuration exhibited the strongest downflow, as its forward inclination provided a more streamlined path to the descending flow. Swirling strength analysis indicated that the strength of the HSV was maximum in BIC, followed by SIC, VC, and FIC. Probability density functions (PDFs) and joint PDFs of velocity fluctuations identified three dominant flow conditions: zero-flow, backflow, and intermediate flow in VC, BIC, and SIC, while FIC exhibited only zero-flow and backflow conditions. Joint PDFs, two-point correlation, and proper orthogonal decomposition analyses further supported the presence of localized, oscillatory HSV structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".