Enhanced stability nanofluids for sustainable high-voltage transformer applications
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The demand for sustainable alternatives to fossil-based insulating liquids in power transformers has intensified due to environmental concerns associated with mineral oils. Natural esters, such as canola oil, are renewable and biodegradable insulating liquids, but their adoption remains limited due to poor thermo-oxidative stability, ionization resistance, and standardization. To address these limitations, this study presents the development and characterization of a canola-based nanofluid enhanced with TiO 2 nanoparticles to improve its suitability for transformer insulation. TiO 2 nanoparticles with an average size of 5 nm were dispersed into canola oil using two surfactants, Polysorbate 80 and Span 80, at concentrations ranging from 2 g/L to 8 g/L. The novelty of this work lies in the use of ultra-fine (5 nm) TiO 2 nanoparticles combined with a comparative optimization of surfactant type and concentration to achieve long-term colloidal stability and improved dielectric performance, an approach previously unreported in this context. Nanofluid stability was assessed via turbidity measurements and visual inspection, with Span 80 demonstrating superior long-term stabilization. Results show that nanoparticles and surfactant addition slightly increased the density and viscosity of the base oil but remained within acceptable limits for transformer applications. Dielectric analysis revealed a reduction in dissipation factor with the addition of nanoparticles, with optimum performance at 0.2 wt% of nanoparticles and 2 g/L of surfactant. Furthermore, the AC breakdown voltage improved by 27.01 % at an optimal formulation of 0.2 wt% TiO 2 and 2 g/L Span 80. The developed nanofluid demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to mineral oil for next-generation transformer applications. • Development of a canola-based nanofluid enhanced with TiO 2 nanoparticles. • Stability enhancement using Polysorbate 80 and Span 80 surfactants. • Span 80 demonstrated superior long-term stabilization through turbidity assessment. • Tan δ reduces with optimum performance at 0.2 wt% of TiO 2 and 2 g/L of Span 80. • BDV improved by 27.01 % at an optimal formulation of 0.2 wt% TiO 2 and 2 g/L Span 80.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it