Performance of delithiated ion-sieve material in lithium adsorption and desorption: Direct addition and membrane immobilization approaches
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to advance the recovery of lithium ions (Li+) from salt solutions using hydrogenated titanium oxide (HTO), obtained through the delithiation of lithium titanium oxide (LTO). After delithiation, 88.0 ± 1.2% of Li content was extracted from LTO, increasing surface area from 2.1–2.8 m2/g to 5.56–7.52 m2/g and reducing particle size from 296.2 ± 43.14 nm to 95.15 ± 17.23 nm. HTO’s adsorption capacity was examined under three conditions: 1) dispersed HTO in simple Li+ solution (750 mg/L) to determine maximum adsorption capacity 2) dispersed HTO in salt solution where Li+ was present at a realistic concentration (0.71 mg/L) alongside competing ions (Na+ and Mg2+); 3) with HTO present in a membrane coating, to evaluate how immobilization of the material affects the adsorption capacity. Results showed that HTO (50 g/L) achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 7.2 ± 0.1 mg/g and a desorption of 6.8 ± 0.2 mg/g from simple Li+ solution. In salt solutions, HTO exhibited an adsorption of 0.017 ± 0.0002 mg/g for the Na++Li+ mixture and 0.015 ± 0.0004 mg/g for Na++Mg2++Li+ mixture. The HTO-coated membrane showed an adsorption capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 mg/g and desorption of 1.1 ± 0.01 mg/g. These results provide important insights into HTO’s adsorption capacity in both free and immobilized conditions in various Li+ solutions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it