Dealing With Existing Foundation Piles: Challenges of Urban Redevelopment in Densely Built Japanese Cities With Implications for Earthquake Response
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, Japan's major cities have undergone vigorous redevelopment, leading to the demolition of many existing buildings. A major challenge in this process is how to deal with the existing foundation piles, specifically, how to execute the removal of these piles and the subsequent backfilling. This Short Communication reports on the current situation in Japan. It first outlines the ongoing redevelopment efforts and provides an overview of common methods adopted for pile removal in Japan. It then presents a case study of actual pile removal and backfilling work, showing that the stiffness of the surrounding ground after backfilling, particularly within about 2 m of the removal location, tends to decrease to about 60%–80% of the original ground's stiffness. It further suggests that staged‐construction analysis with advanced numerical codes has the potential to reasonably simulate the pile removal process. Finally, the article highlights future technical challenges, including how to account for the reduced stiffness near the backfilled zone and how to control the properties of the backfill material, particularly with respect to their influence on the horizontal resistance of piles during earthquakes. It also discusses how pile removal and backfilling methods can adapt to emerging concepts such as carbon neutrality and the circular economy. Specifically, it touches on the reuse of existing piles in new buildings and the option of leaving old piles in place rather than removing them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".