Numerical simulation of power-law acid flow in rough fractures of carbonate rocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acid fracturing is the most widely applied technology for stimulating carbonate reservoirs. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of this method largely depends on factors such as acid penetration distance, fracture morphology and conductivity, all of which are closely governed by acid flow behavior. A wealth of numerical simulations have been conducted to characterize acid flow during fracturing, whereas the coupled effects of acid rheological properties and fracture surface roughness on the acid flow behavior remain underexplored. In this work, a three-dimensional numerical model of acid etching fracture was developed by coupling an acid-rock reaction model with computational fluid dynamics methods, which comprehensively incorporates the rheological property of acid and fracture surface roughness. Validation against experimental data showed a deviation of 11.15% in dissolved mass, with errors within 10.00% for most roughness parameters, confirming the numerical model’s accuracy. Furthermore, the numerical model was employed to investigate the quantitative effect of the rheological index on acid transport and the spatiotemporal evolution of acid flow and dissolution. The results revealed significant interdependencies among flow velocity, shear rate, acid-rock reaction rate, and fracture width, all of which evolve dynamically over time and space. Moreover, it was found that the non-uniform distribution of flow velocity, shear rate, acid-rock reaction rate is caused by fracture surface roughness, and the degree of non-uniformity is enhanced as the shear-thinning capacity of the acid increases. This work provides a robust numerical framework for the simulation of the transport and reaction of acids with power-law characteristics in three-dimensional rough fractures, thus offers valuable theoretical insights for guiding the optimization of acid fracturing parameters and enhancing reservoir stimulation efficiency. Document Type: Original article Cited as: Liu, X., Li, Q., Chen, W., Li, N., Huang, Y., Li, H. Numerical simulation of power-law acid flow in rough fractures of carbonate rocks. Advances in Geo-Energy Research, 2025, 17(3): 226-240. https://doi.org/10.46690/ager.2025.09.05
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".