Tissue distribution of ultraviolet absorbents and industrial antioxidants in Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) and ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from the Canadian Arctic: Influence of sex, body size, and spatial variation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UV absorbents and industrial antioxidants are contaminants of emerging concern. However, their tissue distribution in marine mammals remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the tissue distribution of benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BZT-UVs), organic UV filters (UVFs), 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (26DTBP), and aromatic secondary amines (Ar-SAs) in Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) (blubber, muscle, and liver) and ringed seal (Pusa hispida) (blubber and liver) tissues collected around several communities in the Canadian Arctic. In both species, blubber accumulated higher levels of BZT-UVs than other tissues, whereas some UVFs, such as benzophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP3), accumulated more in the muscle or liver of walruses. ∑BZT-UVs in male walrus blubber correlated positively with body length, demonstrating a bioaccumulation trend as individuals grew larger. This contrasts with the evidence of growth dilution observed for ∑UVFs in male walrus liver, and for BP3 and 26DTBP in female ringed seal blubber. Both species exhibited spatial variation in UV absorbent concentrations. This study provides the first data on the tissue distribution of these contaminants in Arctic marine mammals, revealing tissue-, spatial-, sex-, and compound-specific distribution patterns. The findings offer current reference data to support environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and management efforts, particularly for species important to northern Indigenous communities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".