Oxygen dynamics in paraspinal muscles during isometric loading measured using near-infrared spectroscopy in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: SOSORT 2025 award winner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose Paraspinal muscle imbalances in teenagers with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) are well-documented, but their metabolic characteristics remain unclear. This study assessed oxygen recovery asymmetry (TrAsy) in paraspinal muscles during isometric trunk extension in teenagers with and without AIS and explored its correlation with spinal curvature. Methods Fifty-one AIS participants with primary right thoracic curves (40 females; 13.5 ± 1.7 years; thoracic Cobb angles: 22.9°±6.8°; 28 mild [Cobb angles 10°–24°], 23 moderate-to-severe [≥ 25°]) and 51 non-AIS controls (33 females; 13.2 ± 1.7 years) performed prone isometric trunk extensions. Bilateral paraspinal oxygen recovery times (Tr) at T9 and L3 were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. TrAsy (between-side Tr difference) was analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA with group (AIS vs. controls) and side (convex vs. concave) factors; Welch’s ANOVAs assessed TrAsy differences by curve severity and location. The association between thoracic Cobb angles and TrAsy was evaluated using multiple linear regression, adjusting for covariates. Results AIS cases (Cobb angles: 22.9°±6.8°) showed significantly longer Tr on the concave side at T9 (74.6s ± 10.1s vs. 50.1s ± 16.8s; p < 0.001), with no significant between-side difference at L3 in both groups analyzed collectively ( p = 0.31). Tr was longer at T9 than L3 ( p < 0.001) Single curves exhibited greater TrAsy than double curves at T9 (mean difference: 25.0s ± 8.60s; p = 0.004), with moderate-severe AIS showing larger concave-side Tr. The regression model showed that greater TrAsy was associated with larger thoracic Cobb angles (R 2 = 0.46, p < 0.001). Conclusion Teenagers with AIS showed greater TrAsy at T9, predominantly on the concave side, which correlated with curve severity. Further research should investigate causal relation between metabolic response and curvature progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".