Supplemental information for "Pellet Production from Municipal Solid Wastes Under Various Parametric Conditions in a Cold Canadian Climate"
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>In this study, a lab-scale flat plate die mill was used to evaluate the pelletization of three organic municipal solid waste (MSW) streams: digestate from anaerobic processes (DAP), source-separated organics (SSOs), and refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Different particle sizes (4, 8, 12 mm) with moisture contents (MCs) of 10 and 15% were processed through a 6 mm die. RDFs and SSOs demonstrated excellent durability, but DAPs did not. RDFs had a high heating value (HHV) of 21.49 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, twice that of DAPs (10.07 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>). The SSOs’ HHV varied seasonally (13.88 MJ kg-1 in spring-summer, 19.47 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> in winter). At a 12 mm particle size, 10 and 15% MC RDF pellets had the lowest throughput capacity (6.99 and 12.20 kg hr<sup>-1</sup>). Throughput capacity for 10 and 15% MC pelletized SSOs and RDFs decreased with larger particle sizes. The lowest specific energy consumption for 10 and 15% MC pelletized SSO and RDF was at 4 mm (256.99 kJ kg<sup>-1</sup>) and 8 mm (1432.69 kJ kg-1) particle sizes. Specific energy consumption increased with particle size for 10% MC pellets, except for RDFs. At a 10% MC, RDFs reached a maximum bulk density of 594 kg m<sup>-3</sup>, while SSO pellets achieved 730 kg m<sup>-3</sup>. These optimized pelletization parameters are suitable for potential scale-up and future thermochemical conversion research, promoting sustainable use of organic MSW and the circular economy.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".