Optimal Configuration of Transformer–Energy Storage Deeply Integrated System Based on Enhanced Q-Learning with Hybrid Guidance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the multi-objective siting and sizing problem of a transformer–energy storage deeply integrated system (TES-DIS) that serves as a grid-side common interest entity. This study is motivated by the critical role of energy storage systems in generation–grid–load–storage resource allocation and the superior capability of artificial intelligence algorithms in addressing multi-dimensional, multi-constrained optimization challenges. A multi-objective optimization model is first formulated with dual objectives: minimizing voltage deviation levels and comprehensive economic costs. To overcome the limitations of conventional methods in complex power systems—particularly regarding solution quality and convergence speed—an enhanced Q-learning with hybrid guidance algorithm is proposed. The improved algorithm demonstrates strengthened local search capability and accelerated late-stage convergence performance. Validation using a real-world urban power grid in China confirms the method’s effectiveness. Compared to traditional approaches, the proposed solution achieves optimal TES-DIS planning through autonomous learning, demonstrating (1) 70.73% cost reduction and (2) 89.85% faster computational efficiency. These results verify the method’s capability for intelligent, simplified power system planning with superior optimization performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".