Occupationally-Acquired HIV Infection - Role of Occupational Medicine in the Prevention and Management: Challenges and Recommendations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the body's immune system.In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment, HIV infection can lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced final stage.HIV/AIDS represents a devastating global public health crisis.In developing countries, this problem is exacerbated by recent, sudden funding cuts from international donor agencies.These cuts disrupt access to ART medicines and prevention services for millions of people with HIV/AIDS worldwide.Based on the 2024 global estimates of 41 million (37-46 million) people with HIV/AIDS, 1.3 million new HIV infections, and 830,000 deaths, these funding reductions could result in an additional 4 to 11 million new HIV infections and up to 3 million AIDS-related deaths by 2030.HIV is a preventable disease.However, HIV transmission is ongoing worldwide 1-3 . HIV TRANSMISSIONHIV is NOT spread through casual contact, nor through environmental factors like air, water, insects, or animals.HIV is transmitted through the exchange of specific bodily fluids: blood, semen, pre-cum, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk from a person with HIV.This commonly occurs through unprotected sex, unscreened blood transfusions, infected motherto-child, sharing contaminated needles, syringes, or equipment.Accidental occupational HIV transmission also occurs 4,5 . OCCUPATIONAL HIV TRANSMISSIONIn any workplace, HIV is NOT transmitted through casual contact, including sharing office equipment, spaces, cafeterias, gyms, or restrooms.HIV transmission can occur through two main routes: (1) Contact between the broken skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth) of a worker and the body fluids or tissue of an HIV-infected person, or (2) Accidents involving contaminated needles or other sharp instruments at a workplace 6,7 .Job Categories of Workplace-associated HIV Exposure: Category 1:
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".