Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Objective(s): Muscular dystrophies are inherited diseases causing progressive muscle weakness of varying severity.Evidence indicates their impact on cognitive functions.This review examines the relationship between physical and executive function in muscular dystrophy patients and how changes in physical function affect executive function. Study Participants & Setting:The PICO framework guided article inclusion.Criteria focused on three categories: (1) individuals with Duchenne, Becker, congenital, myotonic, limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral, or Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy; (2) studies comparing no intervention or exercise-based interventions, with or without a control group; and (3) the relationship between physical and executive function.Only English-language observational studies (cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, RCTs) were included.Two authors screened titles and abstracts independently, with full-text review for unclear cases, and a third author resolved disagreements.Studies on other conditions (e.g., spinal muscular atrophy), individuals aged 65+, and nonresearch articles (e.g., animal studies, conference papers, protocols, reviews) were excluded.Materials/Methods: The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022351620) and followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines.Study quality was assessed using the Downs and Black tool.Data extraction and synthesis followed systematic review guidelines.Two independent reviewers manually extracted key data, conducting a pilot test for accuracy.The table included study details (date, location, design, quality), participant and control characteristics (number, age, sex, type of muscular dystrophy), intervention details, and primary findings on the relationship between executive and physical function.Results: Our search retrieved 3,726 records.After removing 221 duplicates, 3,706 titles and abstracts were screened.Eleven full-text articles were assessed, with four excluded (two for incorrect analyses, one lacking executive function assessment, and one for inconsistent methods).Seven studies met the criteria: four on myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and three on Becker (n = 2) or Duchenne (n = 1) muscular dystrophy.These studies included 349 individuals with muscular dystrophies and 20 healthy controls.Most participants (60.17%, n = 210) had DM1.The average age was 36.26 years (range: 6-70.3), and 35.53% (n = 124) were female.Findings indicate significant associations between motor and cognitive abilities in muscular dystrophy patients. Conclusions/Significance:The evidence highlights a complex interplay between cognitive and physical functions in muscular dystrophy.Further research is needed to clarify mechanisms underlying executive function decline and to explore relationships between executive function, functional proficiency, and physical activity.These insights could enhance understanding and inform therapeutic approaches for better patient care.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.684 | 0.413 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".