Resistant Potato Starch Supplementation Increases the Serum Levels of Choline and Sphingomyelins Without Affecting Trimethylamine Oxide Levels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The prebiotic effect of resistant potato starch (RPS) has been demonstrated, but the role of this nutrient in choline metabolism and the production of microbially modified choline-derived toxins is unknown. Methods: We performed post hoc analysis comparing changes in choline and related metabolites in serum from baseline to the week 4 time point in a human clinical trial evaluating daily consumption of 3.5 g RPS versus a placebo. Results: Choline levels increased in the RPS consuming group, while levels of trimethylamine decreased and levels of the cardiovascular toxin trimethylamine oxide were unaffected by RPS consumption. Increases in choline were positively correlated with increases in Akkermansia in the gut. Oxidation of choline to betaine was unaffected by RPS, as was acetylcholine metabolism. Levels of various saturated even acyl chain and hydroxylated acyl chain sphingomyelins were increased in RPS consuming participants, and levels of phospholipid degradation products phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine were decreased. Conclusions: These data suggest that RPS enhances choline absorption without increasing TMAO and stimulates the incorporation of choline into sphingomyelins containing saturated even acyl chains and hydroxylated acyl chains. Future studies assessing the physiological consequences, such as cognitive or neurological benefits, of enhanced choline absorption and sphingomyelin levels in people consuming RPS are warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".