Cadmium enrichment influences cell wall properties and leaching resistance of tension and opposite wood in poplar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Poplar is a high-biomass species and is widely used for the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with cadmium. It is often subjected to heterogeneous soil conditions and associated stresses that promote reaction wood formation during growth. However, there is limited understanding of the anatomical and chemical responses of its reaction wood to Cd stress. This study examined the structural and physicochemical properties of tension wood (TW) and opposite wood (OW) formed in inclined Cd-enriched poplars. Varying Cd concentrations (0–100 mg/kg) were applied, and vessel wall thickness, cellulose crystallinity, microfibril angle (MFA), functional group composition, and Cd leaching behavior were systematically assessed. The results revealed non-linear crystallinity and vessel wall thickness responses in TW and OW, with the lowest values occurring at moderate Cd levels (20 mg/kg). MFA increased monotonically in OW, while TW showed a biphasic pattern. FTIR analysis indicated distinct chemical signatures between TW and OW under Cd exposure. Sequential extraction revealed that Cd was predominantly retained in acid-extractable and reducible forms. Significant Cd leaching occurred only during aqueous immersion, whereas retention remained stable under 75 % relative humidity. This study reveals how cadmium stress differentially alters the structure and chemistry of tension and opposite wood in poplar, providing critical insights for the safe utilization of Cd-enriched biomass in phytoremediation. • Microstructure changed significantly when Cd exceeded 20 mg/kg. • Chemical composition differed between tension and opposite wood. • Cd forms in cell walls ranked: acid-extractable > reducible > water-soluble. • Cd leached significantly after cyclic water soaking. • Cd content in wood remained stable under humid conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".