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Record W4415218024 · doi:10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100184

Text-to-image model for prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy counseling: a proof-of-concept study

2025· article· en· W4415218024 on OpenAlex
Ryan S. Huang, Michael Balas, David J. Mathew

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAJO International · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicGlaucoma and retinal disorders
Canadian institutionsUniversity Health NetworkUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSet (abstract data type)EyelidFeature (linguistics)EyelashPtosisMatching (statistics)Replicate

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

To assess the feasibility and utility of a text-to-image artificial intelligence (AI) model in enhancing patient counseling on the cosmetic side effects of prostaglandin analogue (PGA) therapy. Cross-sectional study. Pre- and post-treatment periocular photographs of PGA-treated patients were collected. To simulate bilateral pre-treatment appearance, untreated eyes were mirrored. The Generative Fill feature powered by Adobe Firefly was applied to masked orbital regions, using descriptive text prompts to generate visualizations of prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP), including upper eyelid ptosis, enophthalmos, and hypertrichosis. Prompts were iteratively refined to closely replicate known treatment-related changes. The AI model successfully produced visually realistic images within two minutes that closely resembled the actual post-treatment appearance of PAP. Key manifestations such as eyelash hypertrichosis, enophthalmos, deepened upper lid sulcus, and ptosis were effectively simulated using tailored prompts. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that text-to-image AI may serve as a novel, rapid, and personalized tool for visualizing potential cosmetic side effects of PGA therapy. By enabling patients to preview changes on their own faces, this technology may enhance informed consent, set realistic expectations, and improve treatment adherence. Future research should evaluate patient perceptions, the accuracy of AI-generated outcomes, and integration into clinical workflows.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.681
Threshold uncertainty score0.384

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.308
Teacher spread0.295 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it