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Record W4415267100 · doi:10.1108/jbim-05-2024-0358

Can emojis and B2B mix? The effects of emojis and emoji–text interactions on B2B social media engagement

2025· article· en· W4415267100 on OpenAlex
Qi Deng, Lindsay McShane, Yun Wang, Narmin Tartila Banu

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Business and Industrial Marketing · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicDigital Communication and Language
Canadian institutionsCarleton University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEmojiSocial mediaCLARITYExtant taxonSocial media marketingField (mathematics)User engagement

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Purpose Social media engagement is becoming increasingly critical for business-to-business (B2B) marketing. Yet, creating compelling brand posts that stimulate engagement remains a challenge for B2B marketers. As an increasingly popular linguistic element, emojis have been rapidly incorporated into B2B social media posts. However, there is little clarity around if, when, why and how emojis influence stakeholder responses to B2B social media posts. This study aims to address this gap by investigating emojis’ effects on B2B social media engagement. Design/methodology/approach This study draws on the B2B communication model, fluency theory and extant research on emojis’ communicative effects and examines: how emoji use in social media posts influence B2B social media engagement; and how different emoji–text integrations moderate such effects. A field study was conducted to analyze 64,547 tweets from 82 B2B brands in 19 industries. Findings The results of this study reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between emoji count in B2B social media posts and engagement. Moreover, the ways in which emojis are integrated with the text can affect engagement and moderate such relationship. The inverted U-shaped relationship is weakened when emojis are placed inside the text or used as text substitutions. Originality/value This study reveals the role that emojis play in driving B2B social media engagement. Besides, this study presents a pioneer investigation of the nuanced effects of emoji–text interactions in the B2B context.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.985
Threshold uncertainty score0.291

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.265
Teacher spread0.235 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it