Proximity Labelling Identifies Proteins Associated with HSV-2 pUL21 at Early and Late Times After Infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract pUL21 is a conserved and multifunctional alphaherpesvirus tegument protein that is critical for both early and late stages in the herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) replication cycle; however, how pUL21 participates in these activities is poorly understood. To help elucidate the role of pUL21 in these various activities, we used a proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID) approach by constructing an HSV-2 strain encoding pUL21 fused to the non-specific biotin ligase, miniTurbo (pUL21mT). Cells infected with this strain were treated with exogenous biotin at early and late times post-infection and biotinylated proteins were affinity-purified and identified by mass spectrometry. This approach enabled the identification of many viral and cellular proteins in proximity to pUL21mT at late times after infection, including those involved in cell adhesion and junction organization, as well as components of the spliceosome and the nuclear envelope. We also utilized this system to identify proteins in proximity to tegument-delivered pUL21mT immediately following viral entry, thereby providing a comprehensive profile of pUL21 proximal interactors at both early and late stages of infection. These proximal interactions were further validated by pUL21 affinity purification experiments, which confirmed that many viral and cellular proteins identified by BioID associate with pUL21. These findings provide insights into the role of HSV-2 pUL21 during infection and highlight BioID as a powerful tool for investigating virus-host interactions at multiple stages of infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".