Temperature and frequency dependencies of the permittivities of iron- and steelmaking by-products
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, the permittivities of iron and steelmaking by-products including electric arc furnace (EAF) stainless steel dust, ferrochrome converter (CRC) dust, blast furnace (BF) sludge, basic oxygen furnace (BOF) sludge, and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag were investigated. The cavity perturbation technique was used to measure their permittivities as a function of temperature and frequency, while thermogravimetric (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis were used to interpret the permittivity results. The results showed that the BF sludge exhibited the highest permittivities, whilst the BOF slag had the lowest permittivities. Based on maximum loss tangent values and heating rates, the materials ranked: BF sludge > BOF sludge > EAF stainless steel dust > CRC dust > BOF slag. Key factors influencing permittivities included water removal, iron oxide reduction, and carbonate decomposition. Microwave heating mechanisms transitioned from dipolar rotation at the initial stage to ionic conduction at later stages.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it