Life stage, chorion, and hatchery origin differences in the toxicity of 6PPDQ to coho salmon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several salmonid species die from acute exposure to 2-((4-methylpentan-2-yl)amino)-5-(phenylamino)cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (6PPDQ)—a ubiquitous pollutant that enters waterways via roadway runoff. Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) is the most sensitive species. Toxicity has been characterized for some coho life stages, but differences in study design and source populations between studies diminish comparability of life stage sensitivity. Coho were exposed to 6PPDQ at five distinct life stages (embryos, alevins, fry, parr, and adults) and as alevins from two different hatcheries; results were characterized by measures of sublethal morphological and behavioral effects, survival analysis, and concentration response analysis. Exposures during embryo development significantly altered morphology and caused post-hatch mortality and differences in phototaxis. Dechorionated embryos were vulnerable to 6PPDQ, with increased mortality relative to intact embryos. Embryos did not die in acute exposures, but 24 h LC 50 s were 689 ng/L for alevin, 239 ng/L for fry, and 71 ng/L for parr. Adults were as sensitive as parr. Alevins from different hatcheries had similar sensitivity. These findings reshape understanding of 6PPDQ toxicity to early life stage coho and reveal novel sublethal effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".