Providing alternative fuel for the brain in anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature on ketones and their effects on metabolism and the brain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent genetic findings have highlighted the importance of metabolic factors in contributing to risk for anorexia nervosa. The treatment of anorexia nervosa, however, has largely not yet attempted to modulate metabolic pathways, given that knowledge and understanding of potential metabolic targets and treatment goals remain limited. In search of potential metabolic mechanisms at play in psychiatric disorders, we look at the brain and beyond, focusing on ketones, related molecules, and nutritional therapies, e.g. the ketogenic diet, highlighting their brain and behavioural effects. The aim of this review is therefore to summarize knowledge on the physiology of ketones and related molecules, as well as evidence on their role on energy balance, brain, and behaviour. We then review the role ketones might have on the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa, and how the intake of exogenous ketones and ketone precursors might impact on brain and behaviour in anorexia nervosa. We conclude with an hypothesised model explaining the potential role of ketones in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa and propose that exogenous ketones and ketone precursors could be an alternative source of brain energy in this illness and deserve further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".