Phylogeographical patterns in the perennial herb <i>Hepatica insularis</i>–<i>asiatica</i> complex: taxonomic insights
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Hepatica insularis, a warm-temperate endemic confined to the southwestern coastal region and Jeju Island of Korea, has long posed a taxonomic challenge in relation to Hepatica asiatica, which is more broadly distributed across cool-temperate regions of northeastern Asia. To address this issue, we investigated their phylogeographical history. Genetic analyses were conducted using eight nuclear microsatellite loci and three non-coding regions of plastid DNA, based on 294 individuals sampled from 13 populations across the Korean Peninsula. Analyses of nuclear markers revealed two distinct genetic clusters concordant with geographical distribution, whereas plastid variation revealed a contrasting signal suggestive of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Our demographic analyses estimated that H. insularis and H. asiatica diverged approximately 17 200 years ago around the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The current nuclear structure probably reflects historical separation of humid coastal refugia situated along the palaeo-coastlines of the Korean Peninsula and the exposed East China Sea shelf during the LGM. Given the recency of divergence, which has resulted in ILS, we propose that these taxa do not represent distinct species, but instead reflect population-level divergence within a single species. This study sheds light on how rapid evolutionary radiation unfolds in Hepatica species and its implications for their taxonomic interpretation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".