Hepatitis A breakthrough infections despite vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis summarized documented breakthrough hepatitis A (HepA) infections and assessed whether they occur more frequently in immunocompromised populations (ICPs). METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and Global Index Medicus for records on HepA breakthrough infections, defined as symptomatic HepA among previously vaccinated individuals, published 1991-2024 (PROSPERO: CRD42023450205). Risk of bias was assessed with an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Moderate and good-quality studies were analyzed using random-effects and Bayesian hierarchical meta-analyses. The primary outcome compared the proportion of ICPs among fully vaccinated (≥50 days before symptoms) confirmed breakthrough cases to that among all virologically confirmed HepA cases. Meta-analyses assessed the proportion of breakthrough infections among confirmed cases. RESULTS: Of 3345 reports screened, 90 were included, reporting 43,861 HepA cases, including 832 (partially) vaccinated. We identified six confirmed breakthrough infections with proof of complete vaccination (6.4%; 95% confidence interval 2.6-14.3%), including four ICPs (67%). Post-vaccination serology was available in 3/6 cases: two HIV-positive patients were seronegative, and one neutropenic leukemia patient was seropositive but pauci-symptomatic. The pooled proportion of ICPs among confirmed HepA cases was 17.8% (95% confidence interval 7.7-35.9%). CONCLUSIONS: HepA breakthrough infections are rare, but appear more common among ICPs who fail to seroconvert post-vaccination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".