Electrochemical oxidation of four pharmaceutical pollutants using Ti/IrO2 and Nb/BDD anodes: Application of factorial design methodology
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The simultaneous oxidation of four PhCs (Carbamazepine (CBZ), Caffeine (CAF), Ibuprofen (IBU), and Diclofenac (DFC)) has been investigated by electrochemical oxidation process using Ti/IrO 2 and Nb/BDD anode electrodes, respectively. The initial concentration of each PhCs was 69 µg/L. The effectiveness of the electro-oxidation process was due to its capability of oxidizing PhCs at the anode surface and in solution. A factorial experimental design was used for determining the influent parameters on the PhCs degradation. Four factors were investigated: supporting electrolyte concentration, current density, period of electrolysis and anode type. Anode type and treatment time were the most influent parameters on the electrochemical degradation of pollutants. By using a 2 4 factorial design, the best performance for PhCs degradation (more than 99 % of each PhC removed) was obtained by using boron doped diamond anode electrode (BDD) operated at a current density of 5.24 mA/cm 2 during 70 min of period treatment time in the presence of 1.0 g Na 2 SO 4 /L. However, the period of treatment time could be five times reduced (to simultaneously remove around 100 % of each PhC) while using NaCl as supporting electrolyte (instead of Na 2 SO 4 ). This was mainly attributed to the combination of direct and indirect effect of electrolysis, more effective in the case of NaCl used as supporting electrolyte compared to Na 2 SO 4 . The direct effect of electrolysis contributed to oxidize 40–80 % of PhCs (namely for DFC, IBU and CAF), whereas more than 99 % of CBZ could be oxidized owing to the sole direct effect of electrolysis. • FD was used to study electro-oxidation of four PhCs (CBZ, CAF, IBU and DFC). • Anode and current intensity were the main parameters influencing PhCs degradation. • BDD anode material was more effective than Ti/IrO 2 operated at 5.24 mA/cm 2 . • More than 99 % of PhC was removed using Na 2 SO 4 as electrolyte for 70 min period • Treatment time was five times reduced while using NaCl compared to Na 2 SO 4
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".