Rapid promoter evolution of male accessory gland genes is accompanied by divergent expression in closely related <i>Drosophila</i> species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) are essential for reproductive success and evolve fast on average, possibly driven by post-copulatory sexual selection (PCSS) originating from sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Counterintuitively, however, the coding region only in few Sfps evolves adaptively. Hence, additional genomic and functional factors must play a role in Sfp evolution independent of the protein coding region. To shed light on drivers of Sfp evolution we focus on those Sfps predominantly expressed in male accessory glands of Drosophila to examine their evolution in the tissue which produces the majority of Sfps. Unlike the testis, the accessory glands are known to develop normally in hybrids, allowing us to control for cellular environment differences arising during speciation. Here, we identify hotspots of rapid evolution in accessory gland protein genes (Acp) promoters, driven by base changes and insertions/deletions (indels). We further show that changes in promoter sequences are accompanied by gene expression divergence among closely related species. Using hybrids, we demonstrate that species-specific expression divergence is maintained for some Acps, while others exhibit dominance of one allele. These results indicate that regulatory evolution, rather than genome background variation, drives Acp expression changes and promotes their rapid evolution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".