Glycolysis-Related Genes, <i>S100A8</i> and <i>CXCL1</i>, Participate in Acute Myocardial Infarction by Regulating Immune Cell Infiltration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most severe forms of acute coronary syndrome. During myocardial ischemia, cardiac glycogen is metabolized through glycolysis, which becomes the primary source of ATP. The genetic regulation of glycolysis is well established, yet its contribution to AMI pathogenesis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to use bioinformatics approaches to identify glycolysis-related genes (GRGs) associated with AMI, providing a foundation for their potential applications as molecular markers and therapeutic targets. Methods: GRGs were retrieved from the GeneCards database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to the GSE66360 dataset to identify hub genes, which were validated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Immune cell infiltration and its association with hub gene expression in AMI were further examined using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Results: Analysis of the GSE66360 dataset identified 695 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) indicated that these genes may contribute to AMI pathogenesis by regulating cellular energy metabolism. Intersecting DEGs with GRGs yielded 31 differentially expressed glycolysis-related genes (DEGRGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses suggested that DEGRGs may influence AMI development by modulating immune cell function and immune response status. Construction of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network identified seven hub genes, all of which demonstrated diagnostic performance in GSE66360 based on the ROC analysis. Validation in the independent dataset GSE59867 confirmed two hub genes with diagnostic potential. Immune infiltration analysis further revealed that these two hub genes were significantly associated with multiple types of immune cells. Conclusion: , were identified as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in AMI. Both genes were associated with immune cell infiltration, suggesting that they may contribute to AMI pathogenesis through immunometabolic regulation. Importantly, combined detection of these hub genes may facilitate early risk stratification and prediction of major adverse cardiac events, offering a new direction for AMI diagnosis and prognosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".